Countries that have moved to officially adopt their long-standing de facto anthems since the 1990s include: Luxembourg ( Ons Heemecht, adopted 1993), South Africa ( National anthem of South Africa, adopted 1997), Israel ( Hatikvah, composed 1888, de facto use from 1948, adopted 2004), Italy ( Il Canto degli Italiani, adopted 2017). These include the United Kingdom ( God Save the King) and Sweden ( Du gamla, Du fria). In these cases, there are established de facto anthems played at sporting events or diplomatic receptions. Ī number of nations remain without an official national anthem. Some of these anthems were specifically commissioned, such as the anthem of Kenya, Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu, produced by a dedicated "Kenyan Anthem Commission" in 1963. Following this, several nations moved to adopt as official national anthem patriotic songs that had already been in de facto use at official functions, such as Mexico ( Mexicanos, al grito de guerra, composed 1854, adopted 1943) and Switzerland (" Swiss Psalm", composed 1841, de facto use from 1961, adopted 1981).īy the period of decolonisation in the 1960s, it had become common practice for newly independent nations to adopt an official national anthem. The United States introduced the patriotic song The Star-Spangled Banner as a national anthem in 1931. From this time, the playing of national anthems became increasingly popular at international sporting events, creating an incentive for such nations that did not yet have an officially defined national anthem to introduce one. The Olympic Charter of 1920 introduced the ritual of playing the national anthems of the gold medal winners. If a national anthem is defined by being officially designated as the national song of a particular state, then La Marseillaise, which was officially adopted by the French National Convention in 1796, would qualify as the first official national anthem. The lyrics of the Japanese national anthem, Kimigayo, predate those of the Dutch anthem by several centuries, being taken from a Heian period (794–1185) poem, but were not set to music until 1880. Written between 15 during the Dutch Revolt, it was already a popular orangist hymn during the 17th century, though it would take until 1932 for it to be officially recognized as the Dutch national anthem. If an anthem is defined as consisting of both a melody and lyrics, then the oldest national anthem in use today is the national anthem of the Netherlands, the Wilhelmus. Though the custom of an officially adopted national anthem became popular in the 19th century, some national anthems predate this period, often existing as patriotic songs long before their designation as national anthem. Consequently adoption of national anthems prior to the 1930s was mostly by newly formed or newly independent states, such as the First Portuguese Republic ( A Portuguesa, 1911), the Kingdom of Greece (" Hymn to Liberty", 1865), the First Philippine Republic ( Marcha Nacional Filipina, 1898), Lithuania ( Tautiška giesmė, 1919), Weimar Germany ( Deutschlandlied, 1922), Republic of Ireland ( Amhrán na bhFiann, 1926) and Greater Lebanon (" Lebanese National Anthem", 1927). In 1802, Gia Long commissioned a royal anthem in the European fashion for the Kingdom of Vietnam.įollowing the reinstating of La Marseillaise in 1830, in the wake of the July Revolution, as the national anthem of France, it became common for newly formed nations to define national anthems, notably as a result of the Latin American wars of independence, for Argentina (1813), Peru (1821), Brazil (1831) but also Belgium (1830). Denmark retains its royal anthem, Kong Christian stod ved højen mast (1780) alongside its national anthem ( Der er et yndigt land, adopted 1835).
La Marcha Real, adopted as the royal anthem of the Spanish monarchy in 1770, was adopted as the national anthem of Spain in 1939. " God Save the King/Queen", first performed in 1619, remains the royal anthem of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms.
Some of these anthems have survived into current use. In the early modern period, some European monarchies adopted royal anthems. Early version of the "Wilhelmus" as preserved in a manuscript of 1617 (Brussels, Royal Library, MS 15662, fol.
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